ArticleInfection and immunity1999
Immunogenicity of a Salmonella typhimurium aroA aroD vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Aspects of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Vaccine Development.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Mucosal Vaccination Strategies againstVaccines · 2023Review
- Major pathogenicIranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2022Review
- Bioengineered Probiotics: Synthetic Biology Can Provide Live Cell Therapeutics for the Treatment of Foodborne Diseases.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Intravenous adenovirus expressing a multi-specific, single-domain antibody neutralizing TcdA and TcdB protects mice from Clostridium difficile infection.Pathogens and disease · 2016Article
- Recombinant lipoprotein-based vaccine candidates against C. difficile infections.Journal of biomedical science · 2015Article
- A chimeric protein comprising the glucosyltransferase and cysteine proteinase domains of toxin B and the receptor binding domain of toxin A induces protective immunity against Clostridium difficile infection in mice and hamsters.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2015Article
- Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Truncated Fragments of the Receptor-Binding Domains of C. difficile Toxin A.PloS one · 2015Article
- Article
- Recombinant antigens based on toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile that evoke a potent toxin-neutralising immune response.Vaccine · 2014Article
- Immune-based treatment and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Review
- Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Review
- The protective effect of recombinant Lactococcus lactis oral vaccine on a Clostridium difficile-infected animal model.BMC gastroenterology · 2013Article
- Article
- Protective antibody responses against Clostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Article
- Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors--friend or foe?Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2013Review
- A chimeric toxin vaccine protects against primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Article
- Recent developments for Pseudomonas vaccines.Human vaccines · 2011Review
- Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The C-terminal repeat domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD). Fourteen of the 38 C-terminal toxin A repeats (14CDTA) were cloned into pTECH-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment C of tetanus toxin (TETC) to generate plasmid p56TETC. Expression of the TETC-14CDTA fusion protein was driven from the anaerobically inducible nirB promoter within attenuated Salmonella typhimurium BRD509 (aroA aroD). The TETC-14CDTA fusion protein was purified and shown to bind to known toxin A receptors found on the surface of rabbit erythrocytes. Intranasal (i.n.) and intragastric (i.g.) immunization with 10(7) and 10(10) CFU, respectively, of BRD509(p56TETC) generated significant (P < 0.05) anti-toxin A serum responses after a single dose. Antibody titers were elevated following a boosting dose with either live vaccine or a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 microgram of purified 14CDTA protein. Importantly, serum from mice immunized with BRD509(p56TETC) neutralized toxin A cytotoxicity. Both i.n. and i.g. immunizations also generated toxin A-specific immunoglobulin A on the pulmonary and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Intranasal vaccination induced consistently higher serum and mucosal anti-toxin A antibody responses. Significant anti-tetanus toxoid serum and mucosal antibodies were also generated by both immunization routes. The availability of live attenuated Salmonella typhi for human use may allow the development of a multivalent mucosal vaccine against CDAD, tetanus, and typhoid.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.