ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences1999
Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 304 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A versus anticholinergics for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- OnabotulinumtoxinA for neurogenic detrusor overactivity and dose differences: a systematic review.International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of UrologyPooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of LetibotulinumtoxinA Injection for Trapezius Hypertrophy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Trial
- Is electrical stimulation beneficial for improving the paralytic effect of botulinum toxin type A in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy?Yonsei medical journal · 2008Trial
- Comparative efficacy and safety of botulinum neurotoxin type A in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Changes in brainstem habituation during onabotulinumtoxinA treatment in chronic migraine: A prospective case-control study.Headache · 2026Article
- Article
- Opioid-driven disruption of the septum reveals a role for neurotensin-expressing neurons in withdrawal.Neuron · 2025Article
- Article
- [An analysis of clinical efficacy of microvascular decompression for 21 inpatients suffering from primary hemifacial spasm].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2024Article
- Microtoxin for Improving Pore Size, Skin Laxity, Sebum Control, and Scars: A Roundtable on Integrating Intradermal Botulinum Toxin Type A Microdoses Into Clinical Practice.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2023Article
- Glycomimetics for the inhibition and modulation of lectins.Chemical Society reviews · 2023Review
- Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The clostridial neurotoxins responsible for tetanus and botulism are proteins consisting of three domains endowed with different functions: neurospecific binding, membrane translocation and proteolysis for specific components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction, is internalized and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord. The spastic paralysis induced by the toxin is due to the blockade of neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons. In contrast, the seven serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) act at the periphery by inducing a flaccid paralysis due to the inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. TeNT and BoNT serotypes B, D, F and G cleave specifically at single but different peptide bonds, of the vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP) synaptobrevin, a membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles (SSVs). BoNT types A, C and E cleave SNAP-25 at different sites located within the carboxyl-terminus, while BoNT type C additionally cleaves syntaxin. The remarkable specificity of BoNTs is exploited in the treatment of human diseases characterized by a hyperfunction of cholinergic terminals.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.