ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1999
Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 201 papers.
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Who cites it
201 citing papers in PubMed, 352 citations in OpenAlex.
- RNA editing blood biomarkers for predicting mood alterations in HCV patients.Journal of neurovirology · 2019Trial
- Regulatable in vivo gene expression via adaptamers.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- ZBP1 specifically binds pre-formed Z-RNA, limiting its potential pool of nucleic acid ligands compared to ADAR1.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- ADAR1 and ADAR2 Expression in the Thoracic Aortic Wall Correlates with Aneurysm Severity and Dissection Risk: Insights into A-to-I RNA Editing Dysregulation in Marfan Syndrome-Derived vSMCs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The regulatory mechanism and clinical significance of RNA editing in prostate cancer.Current urology · 2026Review
- ZBP1's Inability to Convert Unmodified RNAs to the Z-form Underlies a Balanced Mechanism of RNA Recognition with ADAR1.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- ADAR1 regulates dsRNA formation in nuclear and mitochondrial transcripts through editing-dependent and -independent mechanisms.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Molecular Context of ADAR-Mediated Editing of Coding RNA in Colorectal and Lung Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Two codes of RNA editing by deamination in human diseases.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- HeterozygousiScience · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced dysregulation in ADAR editing patterns persists post viral clearance in individuals with mild COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- ADAR1: a central regulator of dsRNA sensing in host-virus interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The context-dependent role of the dsRNA response in linking A-to-I editing and ADAR to normal hematopoiesis and leukemia.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Regulatable In Vivo Gene Expression via Adaptamers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Systematic analysis of A-to-I RNA editing upon release of ADAR from the nucleolus.RNA biology · 2025Article
- Targeted RNA base editing for therapeutic: mechanisms and advances.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2025Review
- A hepatitis B virus RNA-sensing and RNA-editing-dependent reporter system.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Intracellular Mis-Localization of Modified RNA Molecules and Non-Coding RNAs: Facts from Hematologic Malignancies.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Article
- ADARs: pleiotropy in function, versatility in application.Nucleic acids research · 2025Review
141 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to inosine in viral and cellular RNAs. Two size forms of the ADAR1 editing enzyme are known, an IFN-inducible approximately 150-kDa protein and a constitutively expressed N-terminally truncated approximately 110-kDa protein. We have now identified alternative exon 1 structures of human ADAR1 transcripts that initiate from unique promoters, one constitutively expressed and the other IFN inducible. Cloning and sequence analyses of 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) cDNAs from human placenta established a linkage between exon 2 of ADAR1 and two alternative exon 1 structures, designated herein as exon 1A and exon 1B. Analysis of RNA isolated from untreated and IFN-treated human amnion cells demonstrated that exon 1B-exon 2 transcripts were synthesized in the absence of IFN and were not significantly altered in amount by IFN treatment. By contrast, exon 1A-exon 2 transcripts were IFN inducible. Transient transfection analysis with reporter constructs led to the identification of two functional promoters, designated PC and PI. Exon 1B transcripts were initiated from the PC promoter whose activity in transient transfection reporter assays was not increased by IFN treatment. The 107-nt exon 1B mapped 14.5 kb upstream of exon 2. The 201-nt exon 1A that mapped 5.4 kb upstream of exon 2 was initiated from the interferon-inducible PI promoter. These results suggest that two promoters, one IFN inducible and the other not, initiate transcription of the ADAR1 gene, and that alternative splicing of unique exon 1 structures to a common exon 2 junction generates RNA transcripts with the deduced coding capacity for either the constitutively expressed approximately 110-kDa ADAR1 protein (exon 1B) or the interferon-induced approximately 150-kDa ADAR1 protein (exon 1A).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.