ArticlePharmaceutical research1999
Modeling of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships: concepts and perspectives.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Recent applications of quantitative systems pharmacology and machine learning models across diseases.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2022Pooled it
- Quantitative Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy of 6 Classes Drugs for IgA Nephropathy: A Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Drugs for Clinical Treatments.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- PK/PD modeling of a clazosentan thorough QT study with hysteresis in concentration-QT and RR-QT.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2021Trial
- Dose-escalation study of octanoic acid in patients with essential tremor.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2016Trial
- Pharmacological differentiation of opioid receptor antagonists by molecular and functional imaging of target occupancy and food reward-related brain activation in humans.Molecular psychiatry · 2011Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terbogrel, a combined thromboxane A2 receptor and synthase inhibitor, in healthy subjects.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2004Trial
- PK-PD modeling of irbesartan in healthy Chinese adult volunteers under non-steady-state conditions.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokineticsTrial
- A Practical Tutorial on Physics-Informed Networks for Pharmacometrics and Quantitative Systems Pharmacology.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
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- Hierarchical Transit Compartment Model to Describe Absorption Delay in Orally Administered Drugs in Heterogeneous Populations.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2026Article
- Disease-Causing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Infectious Diseases: Implications for Clinical Management and Public Health.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Concentration-Dependent Anticancer Effects of Melittin-Functionalized Nanomaterials.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- 75 Years of Mathematical Oncology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Individualized dosing in the precision medicine era: a narrative review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Practical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Models in Oncology.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Angelman syndrome patient-derived neuron screen leads to clinical ASO rugonersen targeting UBE3A-ATS with long-lasting effect in monkeys.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Assessing the Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence Models to Assist Experts in the Development of Pharmacokinetic Models.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Article
- Dose Optimization of ClpP Agonists Using an In Vitro Microfluidic Perfusion Platform and In Silico Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling.The AAPS journal · 2025Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-modeling links dose-concentration relationships (PK) and concentration-effect relationships (PD), thereby facilitating the description and prediction of the time course of drug effects resulting from a certain dosing regimen. PK/PD-modeling approaches can basically be distinguished by four major attributes. The first characterizes the link between measured drug concentration and the response system, direct link versus indirect link. The second considers how the response system relates effect site concentration to the observed outcome, direct versus indirect response. The third regards what clinically or experimentally assessed information is used to establish the link between concentration and effect, hard link versus soft link. And the fourth considers the time dependency of pharmacodynamic model parameters, distinguishing between time-variant versus time-invariant. Application of PK/PD-modeling concepts has been identified as potentially beneficial in all phases of preclinical and clinical drug development. Although today predominantly limited to research, broader application of PK/PD-concepts in clinical therapy will provide a more rational basis for patient-specific dosage individualization and may thus guide applied pharmacotherapy to a higher level of performance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
10100300What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.