ArticleInfection and immunity1999
Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modes of (Inter)Actions of Polyvalent Immunoglobulins: Nonclinical and Clinical Research in Severe Bacterial Infections.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Streptococcal periorbital necrotizing fasciitis: Case series on a rare but potentially life-threatening entity.Heliyon · 2025Article
- The intricate pathogenicity of Group AVirulence · 2024Review
- Blocking Superantigen-Mediated Diseases: Challenges and Future Trends.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Elevated risk of invasive group A streptococcal disease and host genetic variation in the human leucocyte antigen locus.Genes and immunity · 2020Article
- Recurrent group AScience translational medicine · 2019Article
- Toxins and Superantigens of Group A Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the intensive care unit.Annals of intensive care · 2018Review
- Unravelling pathogenetic mechanisms of epidemic lineages.Virulence · 2017Article
- Bacterial superantigens promote acute nasopharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in a human MHC Class II-dependent manner.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
- Article
- Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in north and south India.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2012Article
- Induction of contact-dependent CD8(+) regulatory T cells through stimulation with staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens.Immunology · 2012Article
- Postpartum group a Streptococcus sepsis and maternal immunology.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2012Review
- Necrotizing fasciitis with fatal outcome: a report of two cases.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2011Article
- Persistence survey of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus and serum antibodies to this superantigen in five groups of menstruating women.BMC infectious diseases · 2010Article
- Staphylococcal enterotoxins.Toxins · 2010Review
- Rise and persistence of global M1T1 clone of Streptococcus pyogenes.Emerging infectious diseases · 2008Review
- CD46 Contributes to the severity of group A streptococcal infection.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- The ScpC protease of Streptococcus pyogenes affects the outcome of sepsis in a murine model.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
An impressive change in the epidemiology and severity of invasive group A streptococcal infections occurred in the 1980s, and the incidence of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome cases continues to rise. The reason for the resurgence of severe invasive cases remains a mystery-has there been a change in the pathogen or in host protective immunity? To address these questions, we have studied 33 patients with invasive infection caused by genotypically indistinguishable M1T1 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes who had different disease outcomes. Patients were classified as having severe (n = 21) and nonsevere (n = 12) invasive infections based on the presence or absence of shock and organ failure. Levels of anti-M1 bactericidal antibodies and of anti-streptococcal superantigen neutralizing antibodies in plasma were significantly lower in both groups than in age- and geographically matched healthy controls (P < 0.01). Importantly, the levels of these protective antibodies in plasma samples from severe and nonsevere invasive cases were not different. Together the data suggest that low levels of protective antibodies may contribute to host susceptibility to invasive streptococcal infection but do not modulate disease outcome. Other immunogenetic factors that regulate superantigen responses may influence the severity of systemic manifestations associated with invasive streptococcal infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.